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	<title>Sustento - Exploring possibilities for building a sustainable society &#187; bank of england</title>
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		<title>UK Banks still in distress</title>
		<link>http://sustento.org.nz/uk-banks-still-in-distress/</link>
		<comments>http://sustento.org.nz/uk-banks-still-in-distress/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2008 06:06:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Raf Manji</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[bank of england]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[banking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[central banks]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[credit]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[credit crunch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[debt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[derivatives]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[financial crisis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[intervention]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[markets]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[money reform]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[parliament]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sustento.org.nz/uk-banks-still-in-distress/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Following on from their generous bail out of Northern Rock, the UK Government, otherwise know as the taxpayer, has opened its arms to any old piece of paper banks have sitting around on their balance sheet. Or to be more accurate, the Bank of England will accept mortgage backed securities in return for government bonds. [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Following on from their generous bail out of <a href="http://sustento.org.nz/category/northern-rock/">Northern Rock</a>, the UK Government, otherwise know as the taxpayer, has opened its arms to any old piece of paper banks have sitting around on their balance sheet.</p>
<p>Or to be more accurate, the Bank of England will accept <a href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/04/20/business/credit.php">mortgage backed securities</a> in return for government bonds. Nice trade if you cant get it. The amounts mentioned are 50 to 200bln pounds (where the hell is my pound key?) but basically it&#8217;s a free for all.</p>
<p>Now we can expect to see banks reaching for the <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2008/04/20/cnrbs120.xml">refinancing button</a> in order to take advantage of this. <a href="http://msn.nzherald.co.nz/section/3/story.cfm?c_id=3&amp;objectid=10505256">RBS</a> has already put its hand up for 10 to 12bln of fresh capital plus a 6bln write down.</p>
<p>Ok so its just more mess. The markets may rally on this hoping it can help clear the looming crisis in the mortgage market but the numbers are really starting to mount up and this is just very bad news indeed.</p>
<p>The key issue here is the capital adequacy of the banking system. It&#8217;s proven to be the achilles heel which is why the authorities have had no option but to underwrite the system.</p>
<p>Given this exposure of the fragility of the banking system it is time to ask questions about capital adequacy and the way banks are regulated and allowed to operate.</p>
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		<title>It&#8217;s All About Money, Cash Money, Cash Money, Who&#8217;s Making all the Money</title>
		<link>http://sustento.org.nz/its-all-about-money-cash-money-cash-money-whos-making-all-the-money/</link>
		<comments>http://sustento.org.nz/its-all-about-money-cash-money-cash-money-whos-making-all-the-money/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 28 Mar 2008 07:42:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Raf Manji</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[bank of england]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[banking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[central banks]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[declaration of independence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[federal reserve]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[money]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[money reform]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[new world order]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[political institutions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[us constitution]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sustento.org.nz/its-all-about-money-cash-money-cash-money-whos-making-all-the-money/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This is in response to Dave&#8217;s post on a new wave of financial regulation. It&#8217;s a great 5 minute potted history of money to a stunning tune from Prince Charles and the City Beat Band. They rock! Watch it here]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This is in response to <a href="http://balneus.wordpress.com/2008/03/28/highly-recommended-economist-article-finance-regs/#comment-6027">Dave&#8217;s post</a> on a new wave of financial regulation. It&#8217;s a great 5 minute potted history of money to a stunning tune from Prince Charles and the City Beat Band. They rock!</p>
<p>Watch it <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RHmflEATK4E&amp;feature=related">here</a></p>
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		<title>Paper $ or Solid Gold?</title>
		<link>http://sustento.org.nz/paper-or-solid-gold/</link>
		<comments>http://sustento.org.nz/paper-or-solid-gold/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2008 23:55:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Raf Manji</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[amero]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bank of england]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[banking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[central banks]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[currencies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[debt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[forex]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gold]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[inflation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[markets]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[money]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[money supply]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[policy ideas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[systems]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sustento.org.nz/paper-or-solid-gold/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Tough choice eh&#8230;..well not for jewelry lovers. The gold bugs have been enjoying the ride up in the price of gold as well as making fun of Gordon Brown who unloaded a huge brick of the UK gold reserves back in 2001 much to the chagrin of UK taxpayers. But with the $ swift decline [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Tough choice eh&#8230;..well not for jewelry lovers. The gold bugs have been enjoying the ride up in the price of gold as well as making fun of Gordon Brown who unloaded a huge brick of the <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brown-ignored-warnings-over-sale-of-gold-reserves-444929.html">UK gold reserves </a>back in 2001 much to the chagrin of UK taxpayers.</p>
<p>But with the $ swift decline into obscurity the fans of something more solid than the US Treasurer&#8217;s signature on a piece of paper are clamoring fro the return of the Gold Standard as a way of preserving the value of paper and controlling the impulse of bankers to keep printing the stuff.</p>
<p>Well yes that does seem to be a problem. I&#8217;ve touched on this before when looking at how the <a href="http://sustento.org.nz/the-first-run-on-the-bank-of-england/">Bank of England</a> experienced several runs just after it was formed. Why? Because they printed way more paper than they had in reserves of gold. So gold or no gold, there is nothing to stop authorities or private banks printing paper or more accurately filling up spreadsheets with lots of numbers.</p>
<p>I&#8217;m ambivalent on this gold business. Storage issues, never mind the horrendous process of digging the stuff out of the ground, present problems as do the ability to carry it safely but really its a confidence thing.</p>
<p>Readers of this blog should hopefully know by now that money is an artificial construct. We can make it anyway we like. It&#8217;s created into existence in some form in order that we can exchange goods, services and labour in an efficient manner.</p>
<p>It is subject to the laws of supply and demand like any other product or service.</p>
<p>William Rees-Mogg makes some interesting points about it <a href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/william_rees_mogg/article3427120.ece">here</a> but the reality is still the same gold or no gold. We must control the supply of money. 1:1 exchange for gold is a way to do that but its so last century. Surely we can come up with a smarter way of doing it.</p>
<p>My favoured approach is for a central monetary authority to issue interest free new money into the system directly. that supply of money (the only supply) could be controlled on an annual basis responding to set limits, constraints and changes in demand, population etc.</p>
<p>Goodbye interest, goodbye inflation and goodbye financial markets as we know them.</p>
<p>Gold bugs or not, we have to do something about the current system before it blows up and makes the 1930s depression look like an afternoon tea party.</p>
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		<title>Nationalisation of Northern Rock signals the End of Banking as we know it</title>
		<link>http://sustento.org.nz/nationalisation-of-northern-rock-signals-the-end-of-banking-as-we-know-it/</link>
		<comments>http://sustento.org.nz/nationalisation-of-northern-rock-signals-the-end-of-banking-as-we-know-it/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 19 Feb 2008 04:19:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Raf Manji</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[bank of england]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[banking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[credit crunch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[financial crisis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[money]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[northern rock]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sub-prime]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sustento.org.nz/nationalisation-of-northern-rock-signals-the-end-of-banking-as-we-know-it/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[It&#8217;s astonishing but not entirely unexpected. The British taxpayer is the proud owner of the Northern Rock and 100bln worth of loans. It&#8217;s a sad reflection on the state of the UK banking system that they can&#8217;t find a buyer for this. But this simply hastens the decline of the banking system as we know [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>It&#8217;s astonishing but not <a href="http://sustento.org.nz/dark-clouds-gather-over-corpse-of-northern-rock/">entirely unexpected</a>. The British taxpayer is the <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/northern-rock-owned-by-uk-ltd-783533.html">proud owner of the Northern Rock</a> and 100bln worth of loans. It&#8217;s a sad reflection on the state of the UK banking system that they can&#8217;t find a buyer for this.</p>
<p>But this simply hastens the decline of the banking system as we know it. In 10-20 years time we will look back on this and see how important this moment was. What the banking system or indeed money looks like remains to be seen but our trust in current arrangements must be questioned.</p>
<p>More importantly for football fans is the Northern Rock&#8217;s sponsorship of Newcastle. Surely the taxpayer won&#8217;t be happy about this. Supposedly the <a href="http://www.sunderlandecho.com/nufc/Newcastle39s-Northern-Rock-sponsorship-safe.3786892.jp">sponsorship is safe</a> but they said that about Northern Rock.</p>
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		<title>Fed to freeze mortgage rates&#8230;&#8230;another fiddle</title>
		<link>http://sustento.org.nz/fed-to-freeze-mortgage-ratesanother-fiddle/</link>
		<comments>http://sustento.org.nz/fed-to-freeze-mortgage-ratesanother-fiddle/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2007 03:54:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Raf Manji</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[bank of england]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[banking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[credit crunch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[federal reserve]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[financial crisis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[markets]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mortgage]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sustento.org.nz/fed-to-freeze-mortgage-ratesanother-fiddle/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[So the Fed joins the Bank of England in changing the rules. The word is that certain sub prime mortgages will have their rates frozen for 5 years. This will ease the pain of borrowers who in some cases face rises of up to 30% on their mortgage bill. Did i mention that mortgage means [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>So the Fed joins the <a href="http://sustento.org.nz/astonishing-news-bank-of-england-changes-the-rules/">Bank of England</a> in changing the rules. The <a href="http://biz.yahoo.com/ap/071205/mortgage_crisis.html">word is</a> that certain sub prime mortgages will have their rates frozen for 5 years. This will ease the pain of borrowers who in some cases face rises of up to 30% on their mortgage bill.</p>
<p>Did i mention that mortgage means &#8220;deathgrip&#8221;?</p>
<p>Anyway this just shows that for all the hi&#8217; fallutin&#8217; nonsense about free markets we actually live in a system that is far from free. Bush doesn&#8217;t really want to hand the next election to the Democrats though he&#8217;s done his best to do so in recent years.</p>
<p>But what we are seeing now, as we saw post 1930, is that the financial system can be changed if required and that the fundamental right to create money resides with the people via their representatives. If i owned shares in a bank i would be worried.</p>
<p>Come to think of it if i had money in a bank i&#8217;d be worred but humping around gold coins is so 13th century.</p>
<p>I can&#8217;t quite work out if this is the beginning of the end or the end of the beginning. I fear its the latter.</p>
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		<title>Dark clouds gather over corpse of Northern Rock</title>
		<link>http://sustento.org.nz/dark-clouds-gather-over-corpse-of-northern-rock/</link>
		<comments>http://sustento.org.nz/dark-clouds-gather-over-corpse-of-northern-rock/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 18 Nov 2007 19:13:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Raf Manji</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[bank of england]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[credit crunch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[financial crisis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[northern rock]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sustento.org.nz/dark-clouds-gather-over-corpse-of-northern-rock/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Believe it or not Northern Rock is still up for sale. It&#8217;s hard to imagine it has any value in it though like Barings there is a chance of life after death. The real concern though is the financial responsibility assumed by the taxpayer. As previously reported the taxpayer has underwritten Northern Rock and by [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Believe it or not Northern Rock is still up for sale. It&#8217;s hard to imagine it has any value in it though like <a href="http://www.iht.com/articles/1995/03/03/bank_0.php">Barings</a> there is a chance of life after death. The real concern though is the financial responsibility assumed by the taxpayer. As <a href="http://sustento.org.nz/astonishing-news-bank-of-england-changes-the-rules/">previously reported</a> the taxpayer has underwritten Northern Rock and by inference the entire banking system.</p>
<p>This week concerns have arisen that the taxpayer could actually be seriously under water from this guarantee. Cracks are appearing in the government establishment with the Bank of England under fire from the Treasury and the <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/nov/18/businessandmedia15">knives are being sharpened</a> as the blame game starts.</p>
<p>The UK financial system is clearly still in trouble.</p>
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		<title>The first run on the Bank of England</title>
		<link>http://sustento.org.nz/the-first-run-on-the-bank-of-england/</link>
		<comments>http://sustento.org.nz/the-first-run-on-the-bank-of-england/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Nov 2007 02:24:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Raf Manji</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bank of england]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[banking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[central banks]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[credit]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[financial crisis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[money]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sustento.org.nz/the-first-run-on-the-bank-of-england/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[No not today but back in 1696. But its useful to just retell the story as it has laid the foundation for the development of industrial societies all over the world but primarily the UK and the USA. When the Bank of England was formed in 1694 it was not as a government agency but [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>No not today but back in 1696. But its useful to just retell the story as it has laid the foundation for the development of industrial societies all over the world but primarily the UK and the USA.</p>
<p>When the Bank of England was formed in 1694 it was not as a government agency but a joint stockholder company who then lent money to the government to wage war. Money and war go hand in hand really&#8230;.sound familiar?</p>
<p>But the deal was interesting. Coin, in the form of gold and silver, had to be deposited and then was lent at a rate of interest which at the time was 8%. This is where the term &#8220;gilt edged&#8221; comes from.</p>
<p>So far so good. But at the same time new money in the form of paper bills was issued against the same deposit of coin. Therefore at a stroke the amount of money as measured by coin and paper was doubled. The paper money was exchangeable for coin so in fact there was only enough coin for half the supply of money.</p>
<p>I&#8217;ve seen more complicated magic tricks at a children&#8217;s birthday party!</p>
<p>Needless to say some bright spark decided to up the ante somewhat and the first run took place. Over time this settled down so that 4 to 6 times the gold on reserve could be lent out as paper money. This paper money became known as &#8220;good as gold&#8221;. Quite clearly it wasn&#8217;t but it became accepted.</p>
<p>This was taken to extreme by the Farmers Exchange Bank from Rhode Island which was found to have issued banknotes to the tune of $580m backed up by metal reserves of just $3m (note to Les Hunter for that information).</p>
<p>It never hurts to check the balance sheet of your bank to see exactly how much it does have in the way of equity but as we saw in the UK recently it doesn&#8217;t really matter since its all guaranteed by the authorities anyway!</p>
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		<title>Fed Cuts, Markets Soar, Panic over. Not.</title>
		<link>http://sustento.org.nz/fed-cuts-markets-soar-panic-over-not/</link>
		<comments>http://sustento.org.nz/fed-cuts-markets-soar-panic-over-not/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 19 Sep 2007 20:27:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Raf Manji</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[bank of england]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[credit crunch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[debt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[federal reserve]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[financial crisis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[G7]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[inflation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[interest]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[markets]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[money]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[money supply]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sustento.org.nz/fed-cuts-markets-soar-panic-over-not/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[So the Fed arrived late at the party with a scything 50bp cut all round. But they left a cloud of uncertainty to block out the ray of sunshine. Bernanke is not known for his pandering to the markets and inflation is still mentioned as a concern. So this move is part of the restoration [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>So the Fed arrived late at the party with a <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/19/business/19fed.html?_r=1&amp;th=&amp;adxnnl=1&amp;oref=slogin&amp;emc=th&amp;adxnnlx=1190232564-WMYSC+sqkl/sbnU9v2FwkA">scything 50bp </a>cut all round. But they left a cloud of uncertainty to block out the ray of sunshine.</p>
<p>Bernanke is not known for his pandering to the markets and inflation is still mentioned as a concern. So this move is part of the restoration of confidence in the US economy and global monetary system. The G7 central bankers and finance ministers will have been wired into each other this past month and since the <a href="http://sustento.org.nz/astonishing-news-bank-of-england-changes-the-rules/">Northern Rock meltdown </a>probably on 24 hour call.</p>
<p>They all depend on each other now.</p>
<p>How the Asian central banks must be laughing given the dressing down they received during the 1998 crisis and how the G7 bankers and IMF <a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1999/09/lane.htm">threw the financial risk</a> playbook at them.</p>
<p>So where does all this leave us. Well pretty much in the same place except we know that G7 will underwrite the financial system. This is good for big guys and bad for small ones (or foreigners!). Small guys can fail and be picked up for a song by the big fellas&#8230;&#8230;nice bit of wealth transfer (anyone remember Long Term Capital or Barings?).</p>
<p>But fundamentally there is still pain to come. The fact that asset prices have been inflated way beyond realistic levels means at some point they must retreat and money must be destroyed as the money supply contracts.</p>
<p>No amount of paper shuffling can change that. Pumping out more money will help in the short term to keep institutions from falling over and the system functioning but it cannot prevent the inevitable.</p>
<p>The best we can hope for is a gentle downturn in asset prices. And of course lessons will be learnt&#8230;.just like <a href="http://sustento.org.nz/credit-crunched/">in 1794</a> and every 18 years since <img src='http://sustento.org.nz/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':-)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
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		<title>Why it is necessary to have confidence in the banking system</title>
		<link>http://sustento.org.nz/why-it-is-necessary-to-have-confidence-in-the-banking-system/</link>
		<comments>http://sustento.org.nz/why-it-is-necessary-to-have-confidence-in-the-banking-system/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 18 Sep 2007 13:36:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Raf Manji</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[bank of england]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[banking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[central banks]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[confidence]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[credit crunch]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[economics]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[The recent Bank of England action is completely necessary though wrong in terms of moral hazard. In order to understand why this is the case i exhort you to read John Tomlinson&#8217;s paper which is in the research section or here. In his paperÂ  he explains how a bank works in terms of taking in [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The recent Bank of England action is completely necessary though wrong in terms of moral hazard. In order to understand why this is the case i exhort you to read John Tomlinson&#8217;s paper which is in the research section or <a href="http://sustento.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/confidence-in-the-banking-system.pdf">here</a>. In his paperÂ  he explains how a bank works in terms of taking in deposits and lending out money. He dissects carefully the balance sheet of Barclays Bank and shows how solvency is merely a trick of the imagination.</p>
<p>Of course readers of this blog will already know that money is merely a ficition, one with a deep and dark history. As Trevor commented in the previous post, the general public relies on he integrity of the system and the honesty of those who operate it.</p>
<p>Can we have confidence in those people? I think not. Not because they are dishonestÂ  but because they refuse to acknowledge a system that is unstabl, inequitable and ultimately inefficient.</p>
<p>Please read and ask questions, comment, spread the word and ponder.Â  What does your money mean? Do you really have any savings, wealth or assets? Don&#8217;t rely on the system to support you. It has failed regularly since the Bank of England was first formed and wil l continue to do so until some serious surgery has been performed.</p>
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		<title>Astonishing news: Bank of England changes the rules</title>
		<link>http://sustento.org.nz/astonishing-news-bank-of-england-changes-the-rules/</link>
		<comments>http://sustento.org.nz/astonishing-news-bank-of-england-changes-the-rules/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 17 Sep 2007 18:34:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Raf Manji</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[bank of england]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[I just heard this news an hour ago and frankly was astounded. The Bank of England will ,if necessary, guarantee all deposits held with Northern Rock. This a major change to the current depositors insurance scheme. Wow! In a stroke they have just removed any risk from the banking system. They have in effect nationalised [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I just heard this <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/uklatest/story/0,,-6928596,00.html">news</a> an hour ago and frankly was astounded. The Bank of England will ,if necessary, guarantee all deposits held with Northern Rock. This a major change to the current depositors insurance scheme.</p>
<p>Wow! In a stroke they have just removed any risk from the banking system. They have in effect nationalised Northern Rock without actually doing so.</p>
<p>Actually this is a good thing since it further exposes the myth behind our banking system. Mind you they didn&#8217;t rush to bail out the depositors of BCCIÂ  when that failed.</p>
<p>So where to from here? Well that&#8217;s anyones guess but this wont finish here even with theÂ  blank cheque provided the the Old Lady.</p>
<p>Max Hastings writes a lovely piece <a href="http://business.guardian.co.uk/markets/story/0,,2170850,00.html">here</a>. Finally as the party comes to an end and the hangover kicks in, will there be some reason?</p>
<p>I hope so. It is a great opportunity to look closely at the money system we currently have. Do not look to our central bankers to provide the lead or even our politicians. We the people will have to provide ideas, answers and solutions on how to proceed. The monetary reform movement has been growing by the day and now it is time to stand up and be heard.</p>
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